加大閱讀強(qiáng)度重視解題技巧

    閱讀要做到又快又好，首先你的詞匯量要大且扎實(shí)，同時(shí)你要善于分析句子，尤其是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句。接下來(lái)，你需要了解“閱讀試題”的考核點(diǎn)（testing point）。與此同時(shí)，是經(jīng)常性的實(shí)踐――精讀和泛讀。請(qǐng)記住，按新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，從小讀英語(yǔ)，讀到高三，累計(jì)閱讀文字（課本不算，指課外閱讀）材料要達(dá)到30萬(wàn)。一般課文長(zhǎng)度每篇不過(guò)300~400個(gè)字。以300字一篇計(jì)，課外閱讀總量為100篇。
    先講一講考核點(diǎn)，英語(yǔ)閱讀試題有10個(gè)考核點(diǎn)。它們是：考察細(xì)節(jié)――考核中心思想――考核生詞（高考詞匯表以外的）――考核代詞指代對(duì)象――考核對(duì)作者立場(chǎng)的了解――考核文中內(nèi)容的確認(rèn)――考核上下文的聯(lián)系――考核推論能力――考核文字結(jié)構(gòu)分析――考核全文作用的認(rèn)識(shí)。其中對(duì)“推論能力”的考核難度最大，要求你讀出言外之意，弦外之音!這一點(diǎn)，沒(méi)有對(duì)全文的深入理解，是做不到的。
    下面我們解剖一篇短文：
    Shopping is a revealing, entertaining and yet frequently overlooked part of travel. Guide books devote pages to hotels, historical buildings and art galleries but barely mention the fantastic specialist shops. Why not? Set up to meet the needs and desires of a particular community, they take you right to the heart of a place, into the living culture that is so interesting to come across and yet often so hard to find.
    In the same way that you might seek out a good restaurant or museum, all the specialist shops in this book are worth revising your original route. You can join the Parisians who queue for the world-famous bread at Poilane’s; stroll with an ice-cream at midnight in Rome; or have a look at Smith’s, the excellent umbrella shop in London. At Gelbe Musik, Berlin, you can drop by for old and new sounds. Specialist shops are open doorways to tempting new worlds.
    What goes on behind the counters is often energetic. A shop may keep an old fashioned appearance and sense of personal service, but you soon learn that it only survives through devotion and by never ceasing to change. Their future sometimes hangs by the fine thread of an individual’s commitment or a family’s sense of tradition. Some of the shop keepers have given up other careers to follow their parents. Will another generation so dutiful?
    We have a part to play, too, in the survival of these exceptional “trading places”. As consumers, we can vote with our cash to enjoy, and, support the best.
    They offer you export knowledge, best quality and uniqueness of a thing of its kind, just a step off the street.
    1. What kind of a book this preface isn’t introducing?
    A. A Guide to Tourist Attractions
    B. A Guide to Museums
    C. A Guide to Shopping Centers
    D. A guide to Specialist Shops
    由“barely mention the fantastic specialist shops”可知答案。
    2. Judging from the examples presented in the passage, you can find the following shops in the book except one. That is _____.
    A. Bakery       B. Tea Shop （Coffee House）
    C. CD’s Shop   D. Restaurant
    參第二段第一句話。
    3. Most of the shop owners in this book are running their shop for seemingly a common purpose. That is _______.
    A. to make maximum profits
    B. to maintain a family tradition
    C. to refine a special goods
    D. to satisfy particular customers.
    參第三段畫(huà)線部分。
    4. The concluding paragraph contains an understatement to _____.
    A. encourage you to buy
    B. do window shopping
    C. pick up a bargain there
    D. satisfy your curiosity as a tourist
    參倒數(shù)第二段畫(huà)線部分。
    5. For whom the book is written for?
    A. Bargain hunters
    B. international tourists
    C. Investors
    D. Average Customers
    參文中畫(huà)線部分最后一段。
    短文后附上5個(gè)問(wèn)題。題1問(wèn)該前沿介紹的是什么書(shū)，考核點(diǎn)為中心思想。題2問(wèn)哪類商店沒(méi)有提及，考核點(diǎn)為細(xì)節(jié)確認(rèn)。題3系推論題。題4系推論題。題5系內(nèi)容確認(rèn)。
    標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案為D-D-B-A-B。
    接下來(lái)再講一講句子分析，各位同學(xué)，做句子分析要有個(gè)前提，即你對(duì)于各句子成分（sentence elements）的定義，都搞清楚了。什么叫“主語(yǔ)”，什么是“謂語(yǔ)”，“謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”指什么……當(dāng)然，也要極其熟悉“基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)”。
    例一（選自2005上海卷，閱讀D）：
    Regional or national advertising（S）  that might be financially impossible for a franchisor with 20 franchises（Attributive Clause） could be （LV） profitable（C）  for one with 40（A）.
    S部分是主語(yǔ)，LV部分是系動(dòng)詞（有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could），C部分是表語(yǔ)，A部分是狀語(yǔ)；Attributive Clause部分指定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主語(yǔ)。
    句子成分分清后，先讀懂“對(duì)于一個(gè)擁有40家代理店（franchise）的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)總店（franchisor），地區(qū)性和全國(guó)性的廣告活動(dòng)可能贏利（profitable）。
    然后把定語(yǔ)從句添上去，全句就清楚了：對(duì)于擁有20家代理店的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)總店，地區(qū)性和全國(guó)性的廣告活動(dòng)在獲取資金方面是不太可能的，但對(duì)于一個(gè)擁有40家代理店的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)總店（for one with 40），則可能贏利。本句還有個(gè)難點(diǎn)，即末了第3個(gè)字“one”，它是不定代詞，代“franchisor”。
    例二（選自2004上海卷，閱讀“D”）
    Whatever humans need（S） will one day be built（V） cheaply with microscopic self-replicating machines（A）（微型自我復(fù)制機(jī)） that put atoms together to create copies of anything alive in the world - from trees to human bodies（Attributive Clause）.
    這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句用句子成分一標(biāo)示，就成了:
    S有朝一日可以用A很便宜地制造出來(lái)。
    S=人類所需的一切  A=微型自我復(fù)制機(jī)。
    至此，考生已讀懂前半句：人類所需的一切有朝一日可以用微型自我復(fù)制機(jī)，很便宜地復(fù)制出來(lái)。然后把定語(yǔ)從句譯出：把原子組合起來(lái)復(fù)制世上所有活的東西――從樹(shù)到人體，全句意譯：“人類所需的一切有朝一日可以用微型自我復(fù)制機(jī)，很便宜地復(fù)制出來(lái)。該機(jī)能把原子組合起來(lái)復(fù)制出世上所有活的東西――從樹(shù)到人體。”
    小結(jié)一下：句子再長(zhǎng)，再龐大，歸根到底屬于基本句子類型S+Vt+O， S+Vi+A, S+Link V+C…全句即可讀通。
    各位同學(xué)可以利用專業(yè)出版社相當(dāng)于高中水平的課外讀物或閱讀訓(xùn)練專項(xiàng)練習(xí)冊(cè)，應(yīng)用本文介紹的方法，加以實(shí)踐。
    另外還要提醒一下，閱讀文章里有許多派生詞，一般都不作注釋，所以，第一例中franchisor及franchise都是高考詞匯表上不列出的生詞，都不加注釋，理由是，前文中的franchising注釋為“特許經(jīng)營(yíng)”。像第二例中replicating注釋為“復(fù)制”，下文中replicate就不注釋了。同時(shí)，加前綴后綴構(gòu)成的新詞，一律不加注釋。所以考生在復(fù)習(xí)詞匯時(shí)，務(wù)必復(fù)習(xí)主要前綴后綴表。
    對(duì)付閱讀試題，也該通讀，讀通，及“蒙”。筆者主張，區(qū)別對(duì)待。即，應(yīng)用文可以利用“瀏覽”“跳讀”技巧，但最難的“D”篇，一定要當(dāng)“精讀”來(lái)處理，而且，極力做到讀兩遍（以上）。
    可參考課外閱讀書(shū)：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社《高中英語(yǔ)活頁(yè)文選》ABC各輯、《高中英語(yǔ)閱讀》、《高考英語(yǔ)能力突破――閱讀》、《萬(wàn)花筒系列讀物》和《英語(yǔ)新概念閱讀》等。
  
    ■
    2006上海卷閱讀D：
    The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored-and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs-the cries of a woman as she was murdered （over a half-hour period）. With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:
    （1）women are helped more than men;
    （2）men help more than women;
    （3）attractive women are helped more than un-
attractive women.
    Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.
    According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:
    （1）“Shifting of responsibility”-the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people” there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.
    （2）“Fear of making a mistake” -situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an accident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.
    （3）“Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”
    Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says，“In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention （介入）, much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved, and a fight would easily follow. ”
    Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual，“The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety. These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”
    76. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
    A. Pretty women are more likely to be helped.
    B. People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.
    C. Religious people are more likely to look on.
    D. Criminals are more likely to harm women.
    77. Which factor is NOT related with interven-
tion according to the passage?
    A. Sex.             B. Nationality.
    C. Profession.          D. Setting.
    78. Which phenomenon can be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?
    A. When one is in trouble, people think it’s his own fault.
    B. In a football match, people get involved in a fight.
    C. Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.
    D. On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.
    79. The author wrote this article ______.
    A. to explain why bystanders behave as they do
    B. to urge people to stand out when in need
    C. to criticize the selfishness of bystanders
    D. to analyze the weakness of human nature
    本文分析介紹了為什么當(dāng)今社會(huì)，挺身而出幫助他人的人少，而更多的是袖手旁觀的人。
    76. 從第一段中的（1）~（3）三點(diǎn)中的第一點(diǎn)，不難推斷出A是正確的。
    77. 答案集中在B、C，其實(shí)nationality在文章中是談到的，“The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening”，所以只有“職業(yè)”這點(diǎn)沒(méi)有談及，故選C。
    78. 通讀全文，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)“Bystander Apathy Effect”其實(shí)就是一種袖手旁觀的冷漠。旁觀者都等著周圍的其他人出手相救而抑制自己，故選D。
    79. 文章主要是解釋“Bystander Apathy Effect”現(xiàn)象，分析其產(chǎn)生的原因，故選A。

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