高考語法通關秘籍（五）——虛擬語氣
來源：本站原創 文章作者：呂騰飛老師 2009-04-08 11:03:59
學而思教師呂騰飛
難點形成原因：
1．學習過程太零碎，不系統。
2．分不清什么時候使用，怎么使用。
3．一些固定用法記不住。
解決辦法：
虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。由于虛擬語氣表達的是與事實相反的行為狀態，其謂語動詞的變化不同于陳述語氣，這也是大家感到困惑和容易出錯的地方。做此類題目時，關鍵要迅速發現解題信息詞，確定虛擬語氣類型，然后按各類虛擬語氣的特定表達方式確定動詞的形式。
用法講解：
虛擬語氣表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發生的情況，而僅是一種愿望、建議或者與事實相反的假設等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。
1．條件從句中的虛擬語氣
|
虛擬情況 |
條件從句謂語形式 |
主句謂語形式 |
典型例句 |
|
|
與現在的事實相反 |
did／were |
would do |
I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. ? ? |
|
|
與過去事實相反 |
had done |
would have done |
If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time. ? ? |
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|
與將來事實相反 |
did／were |
would do |
We would stay at home if it should rain tomorrow. |
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were to do |
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should do |
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混合虛擬 |
從句與過去事實相反 主句與現在事實相反 |
had done |
would do |
It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I had not fallen in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002上海) |
含蓄虛擬條件句
有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞短語或其他方式表示。通常的詞或短語有：without"如果沒有", but for "要不是", but that, otherwise, or, but等。
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. (2001上海春季)
But for my classmates’ help, I would not have finished the work in time. (2004三級題)
Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth would not grow well. ( 2004三級題)
注意：在虛擬條件句中，若有動詞were, should或had（+過去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。如：
What would have happened, had Bob walked farther, as far as the riverbank? (2001上海)
Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. (1996三級題)
Had the weather been good, the children could have gone out for a walk. (2001三級題)
Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business. (2004三級題)
2. 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
|
動詞 |
虛擬情況 |
賓語從句謂語形式 |
典型例句 |
|
wish |
與將來事實相反 |
would do |
I wish I would go to the Mars one day. |
|
與現在的事實相反 |
did／were |
How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden. (2002上海春季) |
|
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與過去事實相反 |
had done |
Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college. (2000三級題) |
|
|
would rather |
與將來或現在事實相反 |
did ／were |
– Do you mind if I keep pets in this building? -- I’d rather you didn’t, actually. (2000上海) |
|
命令order , command 要求request, demand, insist 建議suggest, propose, recommend, advise |
should do (should可以省略) |
Who do you suggest be sent to work there? (2002上海) |
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had hoped“本來想要，本來希望” |
would done |
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. |
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注意：表命令、請求、建議的詞order; request, demand, insist; suggest, propose, recommend, advise其表語從句、同位語從句、主語從句的謂語動詞都要用should do的形式，should可以省略。但當insist表示 “堅持說”, suggest表示 “暗示,表明”時,不用虛擬語氣。
The general's command was that the soldiers leave their fort and carry out more important tasks. (表語從句, 省略should, 2002三級題)
Her suggestion that everybody sing a song was not appreciated. (同位語從句, 省略should, 2001三級題)
She insisted that he was wrong. 她堅持說他錯了。
His pale face suggests that he is in bad health. 他面色蒼白，說明他身體不好。
3. 特殊句型中的虛擬語氣
|
句型 |
虛擬情況 |
從句謂語形式 |
典型例句 |
|
if only引起的感嘆句 “要是……就好了” |
與現在或未來事實相反的愿望 |
would do／were |
If only he were here! 要是他在這兒就好了。 |
|
與過去事實相反的愿望 |
had done |
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I had followed your advice. (2003上海春季) |
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It is (high/about) time sb. should do/ did…… “該是……的時候了” 注意：should不能省略 |
Let’s finish our homework in a few seconds. It’s time we played football. (04三級題) |
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It is (或was) + 形容詞(或過去分詞) + that……+should + 動詞原形…… 常用的形容詞：necessary, important,essential
常用的過去分詞: (表命令、請求、建議的詞) |
It is necessary that we (should) have a walk now.
It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. |
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as if和as though引起的虛擬語氣 |
與現在事實相反 |
did/ were |
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. (NMET 1995) |
|
與過去事實相反 |
had done |
You are talking as if you had seen them. |
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注意：
1. 以上虛擬從句中的would可根據具體語言環境用could, might, should來代替。
2. 如果as if和as though后面的從句所表示的情況是真實的或很可能是真實的，則動詞可以用陳述語氣，在feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。試比較：
He walks as if he is drunk.
He walks as if he were drunk.
第一句表示“他已經醉了”，第2句則表示“他沒有醉”。
典例精析：
1. They _____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go. （2007山東）
A. have got B. got C. have got D. get
答案：B。考查動詞時態。
解析：該題是通過虛擬語氣考查動詞時態的。根據后半句“would have been”判斷，他們已經去了加拿大，所以我們判斷這是與過去的事實相反的假設。本句含義相當于 “If they had not got two free tickets to Canada, they’d never have been able to afford to go.”
2. ______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. （2007 全國II）
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
答案：A。
解析：根據時態“would have won”可以判斷出表示過去非真實情況。if引導虛擬條件句，意為“如果”。這句話的意思是：如果約翰的腿沒有受傷，他就會贏了這次賽跑。since引導時間狀語從句或原因狀語從句，表示“自從……以來”或“因為”。though引導讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然”。when引導時間狀語從句，表示“當……的時候”。所以選A。
3. ____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北)
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
答案：B。
解析：此題是虛擬條件句的倒裝句。在虛擬條件句中，若有動詞were, should或had（+過去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。句意為：即使你被解雇了，醫療保障和其他福利也不會受到影響。
4. If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005湖北)
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
答案：B。
解析：據句意可判斷這是對現在情況的虛擬條件句，“如果我能夠計劃我想做的事情”所以用could，不用would。