弄清定狀語 讀懂長短句

         句子是構成篇章的基本單位。要讀懂一篇文章，首先要理解每個句子。同樣，要寫出一篇文章，首先要寫好每個句子。一個句子最短的基本成分是“主+謂”，最長的基本成分是“主+謂+賓+補”。基本成分的修飾語為附屬成分：定語—修飾限制名詞或代詞的單詞﹑短語或從句；狀語—修飾限制謂語﹑句子或句子里一部分的單詞﹑短語或從句。

一、附屬成分作定語

        英語中的定語可分為限制性定語和非限制性定語。用來作定語的有：名詞﹑數詞﹑形容詞﹑代詞﹑副詞﹑介詞短語﹑非謂語動詞和定語從句等等。

1. 限制性定語：單個詞放在被修飾的詞前面，短語和從句放在被修飾的詞后面。

（1）名詞﹑形容詞﹑副詞﹑數詞﹑代詞或介詞短語等；
①She worked in a shoe factory.
②Please don’t be so cruel to a ten-year-old child like that.
副詞作定語一般放在被修飾的詞后面, 以表示位置的居多。如：
③Do you know the man over there?
④Poor Jack tottered toward a hospital nearby.
present, absent, a-開頭的形容詞和形容詞短語作定語放在被修飾的詞之后。可以理解成which /that / who +is（was） / are（were）引導的定語從句的省略。如：
⑤All the people present at the party were his supporters.
⑥I think he is the oldest man alive in the small town.

（2）非謂語動詞（短語）,一般可轉換成限制性定語從句。
①Let’s find a restaurant to have lunch in.
句中黑體部分可改為：where/in which we can have lunch
②The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well spent.
句中黑體部分可改為：that/which was well spent
【注】 -ing形式作定語時只能用一般式， 表示與謂語動詞動作同時發生，不可使用其完成式。如：
③Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage seized the girl and took her away, disappearing into the woods.
句中黑體部分可改為：who/that was driving a golden carriage
④The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
句中黑體部分可改為：that/which smell sweet in the botanic garden

（3）限制性定語從句。
①We are living in an age when/in which many things are done on computer.
②Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the tiger.

2. 非限制性定語，一般放在后面，對中心詞起修飾作用，而不對其進行限制。省略之后對句子意思的表達影響不大。

（1）名詞﹑數詞﹑形容詞等短語，可理解為一個省略的非限制性定語從句。
①David, our English teacher, appreciated your idea much.
句中黑體部分可改為：who was our English teacher
②He was sent to France, a European country.
句中黑體部分可改為：which was a European country

（2）非謂語動詞（短語）,一般可轉換成非限制性定語從句。如：
The manager, making it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.
句中黑體部分可改為： who made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us

（3）非限制性定語從句，常可轉換成分詞或并列句。如：
①John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, which was true.
句中黑體部分可改為：and it was true
②The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
句中黑體部分可改為：trying to make a comeback
【注】 as引導的非限制性定語從句常可提前，但and引導的并列句應在前一個分句后。如：
As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
可改為：We have worked out the production plan and it is often the case.

二、附屬成分作狀語

        狀語是用來修飾限制謂語﹑整個句子或句子里的一部分。常用來作狀語的有：形容詞﹑副詞﹑介詞短語﹑非謂語動詞和狀語從句等等。狀語和句子間的邏輯關系各有不同，可以分成不同的狀語：原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語、結果狀語、讓步狀語、伴隨狀語、目的狀語、結果狀語等等。

（1）形容詞﹑副詞和介詞短語等作狀語。如：
①Thirsty, he went into a tea house. （thirsty 是形容詞，可看成是分詞短語being thirsty的省略，對主語he進行補充說明）
②She sat quietly in her seat.（quietly是副詞，修飾動作sat）
【注】 形容詞通常不作狀語，偶爾有形容詞作狀語，通常表示原因、方式、伴隨、時間、讓步等。如：
③He came in, full of fear. （表伴隨，相當于When he came in, he was full of fear.）
④Ripe, the fruit tastes better. （表時間，相當于When the fruit is ripe.）
⑤Right or wrong, I will stand on your side. （表讓步，相當于Whether you are right or wrong.）

（2）非謂語動詞（短語），可轉換成狀語從句。如：
①Lost in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. =句中黑體部分可補充為：After they were lost in the mountains for a week.
②It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just to have a look at the sports stars.
句中黑體部分可改為：in order that they could have a look at the sports stars

（3）狀語從句。
①The house could fall down soon if no one does some quick repair work. （表條件）
②Roses need special care so that they can live through winter. （表目的）
③Since /as the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.（表原因）
④He speaks English as though he were an Englishman. （表方式）

         熟練掌握句子的附屬成分，對準確理解句子意思大有裨益，對長句的理解很有好處。在閱讀中，有利于將長句讀短，去掉枝蔓，抓住核心，提高篇章的理解能力。了解句子的附屬成分也有助于寫作。正確使用好句子附屬成分能將意思表達更加準確，敘述更加生動，豐富表達方式，增強文章感染力。

真題精練
1. （2006年上海）I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To _____ else, it was hard to make out.
A. none B. everyone C. someone D. anyone

2. （2006年北京）There have been several new events _____ to the program for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

3. （2006年廣東）No matter how frequently _____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performing B. performed C. to be performed D. being performed

4. （2006年陜西）He hurried to the booking office only __ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

5. （2006年天津）The Beatle, ___ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as

6. （2006年江西）The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings; _____, it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides

7. （2006年湖南）I had just stepped out the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _____ I heard the steps.
A. while B. when C. since D. after

8. （2006年浙江）I was given three books on cooking, the first _____ I really enjoyed.
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which

9. （2006年上海）—It’s a top secret.
—Yes, I see. I will keep the secret _____ you and me.
A. with B. around C. among D. between

10. （2006年江蘇）My most famous relative of all, _____ who really left his mark on America, was Red Sussel, my great-grand father.
A. one B. the one C. he D. someone

（Keys: 1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. C）